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1CDC. Clean Hands Save Lives . http://www.cdc.gov/handwashing. 2010.

2CDC. Seasonal Flu Information for Schools & Childcare Providers. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/school/index.htm. 1996.

3CDC. Fast stats A to Z: Common cold. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/colds.htm. 1996.

4Scott E, Bloomfield S. The survival and transfer of microbial contamination via cloths, hands, and utensils. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1990;68:271-277.

5Ansari SA, Sattar SA, Springthorpe VS, Wells GA, & Tostowaryk W. Rotavirus survival on human hands and transfer of infectious virus to animate and non-porous inanimate surfaces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1988;26(8):1513-1518.

6CDC. Vital health statistics, current estimates from the interview survey. 1994.

7Meers PD, Ayliffe GA, Emmerson AM, Leigh DA, Mayton-White RT, Mackintosh CA, Stronge JL. Report on the national survey of infection in hospitals. Journal of Hospital Infection, Supplement. 1981;2:1-11.

8USDA. Foodborne Illness Cost Calculator . http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/Foodborneillness/. 2002.

9Ohlund LS, Ericcson KB. Elementary school achievement and absence due to illness. Journal of General Psychology. 1994;155:409-421.

10Guinan ME, McGuckin-Guinan M, Sevareid A. Who washes hands after using the bathroom? American Journal of Infection Control. 1997;24(5):424-425.

11American Society of Microbiology & the American Cleaning Institute (formerly The Soap and Detergent Association) 2007 Handwashing Survey. http://www.cleaninginstitute.org/news/2007_hand_hygiene_studysurvey__key_findings.aspx.

12Brantley PJ, Mosely TH, Bruce BK, McKnight GT, Jones GN. Efficacy of behavioral management and patient education on vascular access cleansing compliance in hemodialysis patients. Health Psychology. 1990; 9(1): 103-113.

13Conly J, Hill S, Ross J, Lertzman J, Louie T. Handwashing practices in an intensive care unit: The effects of an educational program and its relationship to infection rates. American Journal of Infection Control. 1989;17(6):330-339.

14Matser D, Longe SH, Dickson H. Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population. Family Medicine. 1997;29(5):336-339.

15Hammond B, Ali Y, Fendler E, Dolan M, & Donovan S. Effect of hand sanitizer use on elementary school absenteeism. American Journal of Infection Control. 2000;28:340-346.

16Day R, St. Arnaud S, Monsma M. Effectiveness of a handwashing program. Clinical Nursing Research. 1993;2(1):24-40.

17CDC. Ounce of Prevention Campaign [April 24, 2008]. http://www.cdc.gov/ounceofprevention/.

18CDC. Human Parainfluenza Viruses (Common cold and croup). http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/respiratory/hpivfeat.htm.

19CDC. National Vital Statistics Report [CDC April 2009] Volume 57, Number 14 Deaths: Final Data for 2006 . http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr57/nvsr57_14.pdf.

20CDC. Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/children.htm.


Healthy Schools, Healthy People, It’s a SNAP! (School Network for Absenteeism Prevention). Established 2003. The information contained in this website was compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Cleaning Institute® (formerly the Soap and Detergent Association). This information is not copyrighted. It is for educational purposes only.


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